Touch probe

ABSTRACT

A touch probe for use in turning centers includes a cylindrical shank portion that allows the probe to be mounted in the same manner as the tools and also provides a compartment for batteries supplying power to infrared transmission circuitry for wirelessly transmitting information about the inspected workpiece back to the machine controller.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 388,187, filed June 14, 1982 entitled "Touch Probe" and assigned to the assignee of the present invention now U.S. Pat. No. 4,451,987 issued June 5, 1984.

DESCRIPTION

1. Technical Field

This invention generally relates to workpiece inspection systems and, more particularly, to the use of probes in automated machine tools to contact the workpiece and provide information relating thereto.

2. Background Art

Automated machine tool systems require a precise means of locating surfaces on workpieces. One of the most common methods is to have the machine move a probe into contact with the workpiece and to record the probe position when contact is made. Probes of this type are known as touch probes. They generally include a stylus for contacting the workpiece and circuitry which operates to generate an electrical signal when the stylus contacts the part. The machine controller can calculate information about the shape or location of the part from the X, Y and Z axes positional data of the probe when the stylus contact generates the electrical signal.

One of the problems encountered with the use of many of these types of probing systems is in the method by which the signal indicating contact by the probe is transmitted back to the controller. It is often impractical to rely on conventional wiring to carry the signal since the wires may interfere with normal machining operations.

The patent literature discloses several probe designs which are adapted to be used in an automatic machining center where the probes are temporarily stored in a tool magazine and are connected and removed from the spindle by an automatic tool changer mechanism. Representative examples of patents disclosing these proves include U.S. Pat. No. 4,339,714 to Ellis; U.S. Pat. No. 4,118,871 to Kirkham; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,401,945 entitled "Apparatus For Detecting The Position Of A Probe Relative To A Workpiece", issued Aug. 30, 1983 to Juengel which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention.

The Kirkham approach is disadvantageous because its radio frequency signals are susceptible to electromagnetic interference and must be used within a relatively short transmission distance between the probe and a receiver. Among the problems with the probe system of the Ellis patent is that great care must be taken to align the probe and a specially constructed detector on the spindle head in order for the reactive coupling therebetween to operate properly. The infrared transmission approach disclosed in the Juengel patent is far more advantageous. However, it does require that the probe, in most circumstances, contain its own power source.

It has also been proposed to use touch probes in turning centers such as lathes, as well as in machining centers. Turning centers differ from machining or milling centers in that the workpiece is rotated instead of the tool. In most turning centers, the tool holders are mounted at spaced locations about a turret which operates to selectively advance one of the tools towards the workpiece to perform work thereon. In general, tools for performing outer dimension work on the workpiece are mounted in slots within the turret whereas inner diameter tools such as boring bars are held in an adapter mounted to the turret.

Touch probes used in turning centers have a somewhat different set of problems to overcome than probes used in machining centers, although the method of transmitting the probe signal back to the controller remains a common concern. One of the problems unique to turning center applications is that the probes remain fixed to the turret even when not in use unlike the situation with the machining center where the probes are inserted in the spindle only when they are needed to be used. Consequently, it is not possible to rely on the probe insertion operation to activate the electronic circuitry therein.

One prior touch probe technique for turning centers utilizes inductive transmission modules to transmit the probe signal through the turret to the controller. See, e.g., LP2 Probe System literature of Renishaw Electrical Limited. Unfortunately, this technique requires a substantial modification of the turret in order to utilize the system. Consequently, this approach does not lend itself to be easily used in existing machines without requiring the expense and machine down time to perform the retrofitting operation.

Also related to this invention, although less directly, is that prior art concerned with wireless transmission of dimensional gauging data such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,670,243 to Fougere; U.S. Pat. No. 4,130,941 to Amsbury and U.S. Pat. No. 4,328,623, to Juengel et al.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a probe construction that is particularly adapted for use in turning centers. In particular, the probe is designed to be used in place of tools, such as boring bars and the like, used to perform work on the inner diameter of workpieces in such turning centers. One end of the probe includes a stylus for contacting the workpiece while the other end of the probe housing is in the form of an elongated cylindrical portion. This cylindrical portion has the same configuration as the tools so that the probe may be mounted in the turret in the same manner as the tools.

In the preferred embodiment, the middle of the probe housing is cone-shaped and provides a perpendicular abutment surface adjacent to the cylindrical end. The abutment surface may be used as a stop to quickly position the probe stylus at a known location with the machine. The cylindrical end portion is hollow and adapted to contain batteries for providing power to circuitry within the probe housing. The probe advantageously employs at least one optical device for transmitting optical signals associated with the operational status of the probe as well as contact of the stylus with an object. Preferably, the optical device is mounted on the sloping surface of the probe housing and is operative to transmit infrared radiation to a receiver head coupled to the machine controller.

The probe thus can be readily used without any modification of existing turning centers. The probe contains all the necessary power supply and circuitry for transmitting information relative to stylus contact with the workpiece or other object to be detected. The shape of the probe housing permits a substantial amount of latitude in the mounting position of the receiver head while at the same time minimizing the number of required optical transmission devices.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and various other advantages of the present invention will become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the following specification and by reference to the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is an environmental view showing a probing system made in accordance with the teachings of this invention in use with an automated machine tool;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating the use of a probing system utilizing a flash turn on technique according to one embodiment of this invention;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view illustrating the use of a probing system with a touch turn on technique according to an alternative embodiment;

FIG. 4 illustrates a cross sectional view along the lines 4--4 of FIG. 2 of a probe construction according to one embodiment of this invention;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view along the lines 5--5 of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is an exploded perspective view of the probe shown in FIG. 4;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a flash/receiver head used in one embodiment of this invention;

FIG. 8 is a cross sectional view along the lins 8--8 of FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 is a top plan view of a circuit board used in the flash/receiver head of FIG. 7;

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of circuitry used in the flash/receiver head;

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of circuitry used in the probe of one embodiment of this invention that utilizes the flash turn on technique; and

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of circuitry used in a probe utilizing the touch turn on technique.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS I. Overview

FIG. 1 illustrates, in simplified form, a typical machine tool system utilizing various aspects of the inventive features to be described. A numerically controlled turning center 10 is shown therein together with a controller 12 for automatically controlling turning operations on a workpiece 14 according to programmed instructions. Turning center 10 typically includes a rotating chuck 16 with jaws 18 thereon for holding the workpiece 14. Mounted to a turret 20 are a plurality of tools 22-24 for performing work on the inner diameter (ID) of workpiece 14. Typically, ID tools of this sort include an elongated shank portion which are held in place in turret 20 by way of adapters 26-28. In accordance with the present invention, a workpiece inspection probe 30 is mounted to turret 20 in the same manner as tools 22-24. In this embodiment, probe 30 is mounted to turret 20 by way of adapter 32 which is identical to adapters 26-28.

As is known in the art, controller 12, among other things, operates to rotate turret 20 to bring the desired tool into the appropriate work position and then moves turret 20 until the tool contacts the workpiece and performs its desired machining operation thereon. Probe 30, on the other hand, is used to inspect the workpiece 14. In this specific example, probe 30 is known in the industry as a touch probe in that it generates an output signal when the probe stylus contacts a surface of the workpiece or other object. Suitable resolvers, digitizers or the like are used to provided signals to controller 12 indicating the position of the probe 30. Consequently, when the signal from probe 30 indicates contact with the workpiece, controller 12 can derive useful information about workpiece dimensions, appropriate positioning thereof within the chuck, etc.

A. Flash Turn On

Probe 30 contains its own battery power source for supplying energy to its signal transmission circuitry. Batteries, unfortunately, have limited useful lives. Thus, there is a real need for some means of preserving battery life as long as possible. This is especially true for smaller sized probes used in turning centers. Smaller probes are also restricted in the size of the batteries they can use and thus conservation of energy is very important.

One aspect of this invention provides two way optical communication between probe 30 and a flash/receiver head 40. Head 40 is connected to controller 12 through an interface 42. When controller 12 determines that it is time to use probe 30 for a probing operation it generates a signal over line 44 to interface 42, which in turn generates a control signal on line 46 to cause head 40 to transmit a given optical signal to probe 30. In the preferred embodiment, this optical signal is a high intensity flash of infrared radiation. This flash is sensed by a suitable detector 48 in probe 30 (see FIG. 2). The flash causes detector 48 to couple the battery power to the probe transmission circuitry. Preferably, probe 30 responds to the flash by transmitting IR radiation at a given frequency back to head 40 via light emitting diodes (LED'S) 50-54. This IR radiation is received by head 40 which, in turn, supplies a signal to controller 12 via interface 42 indicating that the probe 30 is operating properly and ready to perform its inspection operation.

Controller 12 then causes turret 20 to advance probe 30 until the stylus 56 contacts workpiece 14. Probe 30 responds to stylus contact by creating a shift in the frequency of the IR radiation transmitted by LED's 50-54. The shift in frequency is detected by interface 42 and communicated to controller 12. The workpiece inspection operation continues as desired, with probe 30 transmitting frequency shifted IR radiation to head 40 every time the stylus makes contact.

Probe 30 includes timing means therein which will disconnect the battery supply from the transmission circuitry after a predetermined period of time. This time period begins when battery power is initially applied to the circuitry and is reset every time the stylus contacts the workpiece. Thus, after the probing operation is finished the time period will eventually lapse and the battery power is disconnected from the transmission circuitry. Accordingly, the battery power is only used during periods of anticipated probe usage. Whenever the probe is not in use the battery power is disconnected and thus, conserves energy prolonging periods between battery replacement.

B. Touch Turn On

FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative method of prolonging battery life. In this example, battery power is first connected to the probe transmission circuitry by touching the probe stylus 56 against any known reference surface 60. Reference surface 60 can be any fixed point within machine 10 whose location is known by controller 12. Probe contact with surface 60 couples the batteries to the probe transmission circuitry and initiates the transmission from LED's 50-54 to head 40'. Head 40' is like head 40 previously described except that it does not need the flash means therein, nor does probe 30' require the photodetector 48. Otherwise, the two embodiments operate substantially identically. After intialization, the probe is moved into position for inspecting workpiece 14, with probe 30' transmitting frequency shifted signals to head 40' whenever stylus contact is made. After a predetermined period of time from the last stylus contact, the batteries are disconnected from the probe transmission circuit.

II. Probe Construction

FIGS. 4-6 illustrate in more detail the construction of probe 30. The probe housing is characterized by a generally cone-shaped middle portion 70 and a rearwardly projecting shank or cylindrical portion 72 of reduced cross-sectional diameter. In this specific embodiment, cylindrical portion 72 is hollow measuring about 4 and 1/4 inches in length, with an outer diameter of about 1.4 inches.

The outer dimensions of cylindrical portion 72 are chosen to generally correspond with the dimensions of the bodies or shanks of tools 22-24. Consequently, probe 30 may be used in place of one of the tools in turret 20 and held in adapter 32 in the same manner. As shown most clearly in FIG. 4, this may be accomplished by sliding cylindrical portion 72 into the pocket 74 of adapter 32 until the rear wall 76 of housing portion 70 abuts the front face 78 of adapter 32. This procedure thereby insures that the tip of stylus 56 is spaced at a known position with turret 20. Consequently, controller 12 may accurately rely upon the position of the stylus 56 during the probe inspection operation. Of course, other conventional means may be used to position stylus tip 56 at the appropriate spacing. For example, some machine tool systems utilize a set screw (not shown) or other means within the rear of pocket 74 to adjust the stylus spacing.

Cylindrical portion 72 advantageously serves the dual purpose of providing a battery compartment as well as to provide an easy to use mounting member. The elongated cylindrical shape of portion 72 enables the use of long life "cylindrical" batteries resembling typical flashlight batteries in shape for powering the probe transmission circuitry. Preferably, two "C" cell lithium batteries 80, 82 are employed. The ability to use cylindrical batteries, instead of smaller batteries such as button or disc cells, provides the probe with an exceedingly long operational life at low cost.

Batteries 80, 82 are slid into the interior of portion 72. A spring loaded cap 84 is then threaded onto the end of portion 72, with spring 86 urging the positive or male terminal 88 against board 90. The lower surface of board 90 includes a circular conductive layer 92. Board 90 is secured within a well 94 in an interior surface of wall 76 by way of screws 96. An insulated lead 98 makes electrical connection with conductive layer 92 by way of a plated through hole in board 90. The opposite end of lead 98 is connected to circuit board 100 containing the probe circuitry. A description of the electrical schematic for the circuitry will be described later herein. Circuit board 100 is generally circular in shape containing electrical components mounted on both sides thereof. Circuit board 100 is mounted within the interior of middle portion 70 by way of suitable fasteners 102 passing through standoffs 104. The board 100 also includes a centrally located aperture 106 therein through which various leads can pass to facilitate connection to the appropriate areas of circuit board 100.

Photodetector 48 and its associated subassembly is mounted in the outer sloping surface 110 of middle housing portion 70. Photodetector 48, in this particular example, is a PIN diode such as part No. DP104 available from Telefunken. Photodetector 48 fits within a countersunk bore and is held in place by way of a bezel 112 having a window therein. Interposed between bezel 112 and photodetector 48 are layers of transparent plastic 114, an infrared filter layer 116 and an O-ring 118. Suitable fasteners 120 sandwich all of these components into a subassembly mounted within the countersunk bore. The leads from photodetector 48 pass through aperture 106 and are connected to suitable points on circuit board 100.

LED's 50-54 are mounted adjacent to photodetector 48. LED's 50-54 are designed to emit optical signals in the infrared radiation band, i.e. light which is not normally visible to the human eye. LED's 50-54 may comprise, for example, component Nos. OP290 available from TRW, Inc. It should be noted at this point that the arrangement of LED's 50-54 and photodetector 48, taken together with the configuration of the sloping probe surface to which they are mounted combine to optimize several important advantages. For example, by mounting LED's 50-54 onto the sloping surface 110 of the probe, the infrared radiation that is emitted thereby is directed forwardly of turret 20 at angles at which the radiation may be easily picked up by various locations of head 40. The probe construction enables the user to rotate the probe into a position where the LED's 50-54 and photodetector 48 are pointing in the general direction of head 40. Thus, it is not necessary to mount head 40 at any absolute spatial location relative to probe 30 giving the system great flexibility for use in different machine tool systems. Reliable optical communication between probe 30 and head 40 is thereby obtained while at the same time minimizing the number of light emitting devices within probe 30. By keeping the number of light emitting devices to a minimum the energy drain from the batteries is kept as small as possible, thereby further prolonging battery life.

Rounding out the assembly of middle portion 70, the wall 76 is affixed to rearward portions of portion 70 by way of suitable fasteners 122. O-rings, such as ring 124, are advantageously used to seal the interior of the probe 30 from the somewhat adverse conditions that the probe may encounter during use in the machine tool system.

An annular nosepiece 130 includes a threaded male member 132 which mates with threads formed in a bore 134 in the front face of middle housing portion 70. O-ring 136 is again employed for sealing purposes. Nosepiece 130 may be made in various lengths to increase or decrease the relative spacing of stylus tip 56 as may be desired. Due to the threaded fastening engagement with the middle housing portion 70, a variety of such nosepieces can be made and interchanged with one another for use in different applications.

A switch unit 140 is removably attached to nosepiece 130. Switch unit 140 includes a circular whistle notch end construction 142 including a surrounding O-ring 146 which is press fit into the internal passageway 146 within nosepiece 130. One or more set screws 148 extending orthogonally through nosepiece 130 clamps the switch unit 140 in place. Switch unit 140 can be a variety of constructions that operate to open or break one or more electrical contacts therein when stylus 56 is moved from its rest position. Those skilled in the art are aware of a variety of constructions that fulfill this general purpose. One suitable switch construction is disclosed in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,451,987 issued June 5, 1984 to Robert F. Cusack and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. This patent is hereby incorporated by reference. Briefly, this construction employs a wobble plate with three equally spaced ball contacts thereon. The wobble plate is spring biased so that the balls are normally pressed against three corresponding electrically conductive inserts. The three ball-insert pairs serve as switches (referred to later herein as switches S1-S3) and are connected together in series. The wobble plate is connected to stylus 56. Whenever stylus 56 moves, the wobble plate tilts and lifts one of the ball contacts from its corresponding insert thereby breaking the electrical connection therebetween.

The three switches in unit 140 are connected to circuitry on board 100 by way of cable 150. The other end of cable 150 includes a miniature coax connector 152 or other suitable connector that mates with a connector on the end of replaceable switch unit 140. Those skilled in the art appreciate that these types of switch units are very sensitive and may need to be replaced. The construction of the present invention enables such replacement to be made quickly and easily.

Various shapes and sizes of styli may be used in connection with probe 30. For example, instead of the straight stylus 56 shown in the drawings, a stylus may be used in which the tip thereof is offset from the major longitudinal axis of probe 30. The various styli are interchangeable with switch unit 140 and may be attached thereto by the use of suitable fastening means such as set screws.

II. FLASH TURN ON

A. Flash/Receiver Head

The mechanical details of flash/receiver head 40 are shown most clearly in FIGS. 7-9. Head 40 employs a generally rectangular container 160 having an opening 162 formed in a front face 164 thereof. One or more circuit boards 166 are mounted within container 160. Circuit board 166 includes a variety of electrical components thereon for carrying out the functions to be described later in detail. Two of the most important components are shown in these drawings. They are xenon flash tube 168 and photodetector 170. As noted before, the purpose of flash tube 168 is to generate a high intensity light pulse of short time duration to initiate probe operation. Xenon is preferred because it generates light that is rich in infrared radiation. In the preferred embodiment, flash tube 168 is a part No. BUB 0641 xenon flash tube available from Siemens. It is capable of generating a flash or light pulse lasting about 50 microseconds with an intensity of 100 watt/seconds. Other types of suitable light sources, of course, can be employed.

Although not absolutely necessary, the visible light generated by flash tube 168 is preferably eliminated so as not to distract the operator or others in the shop where machine tool 10 is being used. To this end, an infrared filter 172 covering opening 162 is employed. IR filter 172 serves to block out visible light but passes infrared radiation therethrough generated by flash tube 168.

The purpose of photodetector 170, on the other hand, is to detect infrared radiation transmitted by probe 30. In this embodiment, photodetector 170 is a PIN diode and operates in a similar manner as photodetector 48 in probe 30. A convex lens 174 is advantageously used in opening 162 to concentrate the IR radiation from probe 30 onto photodetector 170 which is located at the focal point of lens 174. Rounding out the construction of head 40, there is supplied a transparent face plate 176. Face plate 176 covers opening 162 and is suitably attached to front face 164 having a gasket 178 sandwiched therebetween.

B. Flash/Receiver Head Circuitry

FIG. 10 illustrates the circuitry used in the flash/receiver head 40 of the preferred embodiment. As noted before, head 40 is coupled to interface 42 over one or more conductor lines generally indicated by the reference numeral 46.

A 26 volt alternating current (AC) signal is applied to the primary of step up transformer T1. Energy from transformer T1 is stored across capacitors C8 and C9 which are, in turn, coupled across the positive and negative electrodes of xenon flash tube 168. In this embodiment, capacitors C8 and C9 store about 250-300 volts DC when fully charged.

To cause tube 168 to flash, controller 12 via interface 42 generates an appropriate signal level on the lines labeled "control" to cause LED 171 to conduct and emit light. LED 171 is part of an optical isolation package containing silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) 173. SCR 173 is connected in a series circuit with the primary of transformer T2 and capacitor C10. Capacitor C10, like capacitor C8 and C9 is charged due to the action of transformer T1. When LED 171 is activated, SCR 173 conducts and dumps the charge of capacitor C10 across the primary of transformer T2. This charge is stepped up to about 4,000 volts by transformer T2 whose secondary is connected to the trigger electrode 175 of flash tube 168. Trigger electrode 175 is capacitively coupled o tube 168 and the high voltage thereon is sufficient to ionize the gas within the tube. The ionized gas is sufficiently conductive to permit the energy from capacitors C8 and C9 to discharge across the positive and negative electrodes to create a very high intensity flash of short duration. After tube 168 flashes the capacitors begin to recharge until such time as another flash initiating control signal is supplied from interface 42.

The probe 30 responds to the flash by transmitting the IR signal which is picked up by the photodetector 170 in head 40. Photodetector 170 is coupled to a tuned tank circuit comprising variable inductor L1 and capacitor C2. By the way of a specific example, probe 30 will generate IR radiation pulsed at a frequency of about 150 kilohertz until the probe stylus contacts an object at which time the frequency will shift to about 138 kilohertz. The tank circuit in head 40 is tuned to approximately the average of these two frequencies so that the head circuitry can detect either one of these probe frequencies but will filter out extraneous frequencies outside a preselected range or band width.

The remaining circuitry in FIG. 10 is used to amplify the detected signal transmitted from probe 30 which is coupled over the "output" line to interface 42. Briefly, the head amplification circuitry employs a field effect transistior Q1 whose high input impedence matches that of the tuned circuit so as to avoid loading problems. Transistor Q2 in cooperation with transistor Q1 amplifies the received signal and couples it to an emitter follower network employing transistor Q3. The amplified signal is coupled to interface 42 over the output line through DC filter capacitor C6 and resister R7 coupled to the emitter of transistor Q3.

Interface 42 has circuitry therein that operates to detect these selected probe signal frequencies and will generate outputs to controller 12 in response thereto. A first signal is generated to indicate that the probe is operating properly and a second signal is generated when the probe stylus contacts an object. Suitable circuitry for detecting the frequency shift is disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 414,734, filed Sept. 3, 1982 entitled "Machine System Using Infrared Telemetering" by Juengel and assigned to the assignee for the present invention. This patent is hereby incorporated by reference. Briefly, such circuitry employs a phase locked loop circuit to perform a frequency shift keying operation on the received signals and activates relays upon detection of either of the selected frequencies. However, a variety of other methods of detecting the probe signals is within the skill of the ordinary practitioner.

C. Probe Circuitry

FIG. 11 is an electrical schematic diagram of the circuitry within probe 30. PNP transistor Q10 operates as a switch to selectively connect or disconnect power from batteries 80, 82 to the components used to generate IR radiation from LED's 50-54. Transistor Q10 is normally in a nonconducting state and thus, the batteries 80, 82 effectively see an open circuit so that energy is not drained from the batteries. However, when head 40 generates its flash of IR radiation, photodetector 48 conducts current from the batteries through inductor L10 for the duration of the flash.

The very fast rise time associated with the light pulse from the xenon flash tube provides a unique signal which can be easily discriminated from other light sources in the area of the machine tool. The IR filter at the head 40 excludes most of the visible spectrum so that the flash cannot be seen and become an aggraviation to nearby persons. When the fast rise time light pulse reaches the photodetector 48, it is converted to an electrical pulse across the inductor coil L10. The coil L10 serves as a high pass filter and excludes steady state or low frequency light pulses such as flourescent lights in the area may produce.

The surge of current through photodetector 48 during the flash creates a "ringing" phenomenon in inductor L10 as is known in the art. This ringing phenomenon is basically a damped oscillation that lasts approximately 500 microseconds in response to the flash light pulse of about 50 microseconds. The oscillations from inductor L10 are amplified and inverted by inverting amplifier 200. The output of amplifier 200 is connected to the base of transistor Q10. The momentary ringing in inductor L10 caused by the flash creates a forward bias across the base-emitter junction of transistor Q10 and causes it to conduct. The conduction of transistor Q10 connects the power from batteries 80, 82 to the power inputs of the circuit components labled +V in the drawings. When power is applied to oscillator 202 it begins supplying pulses to a time out counter 204. Counter 204 is reset to initialize its time out period when the flash is received from head 40. This is accomplished by way of an inverter 206 which inverts the output of amplifer 200 to a positive signal which is shaped by the RC time constant of capacitor C20 and resistor R20 into a pulse. This pulse is connected to the reset input of counter 204 through OR gate means 208. As will appear, time out counter 204 is also reset whenever the probe stylus 56 contacts an object reflected by the opening of one of switches S1-S3.

Time out counter 204 is designed so that it will provide a logical low signal on its output line 210 as long as it is counting, i.e. not timed out. The logical low signal on line 210 is inverted by inverter 212 which, in turn, is connected through diode D20 to the input of amplifier 200. As a result, the output of amplifier 200 is latched to a low state thereby keeping transistor Q10 in a conductive state providing power to the circuit components until such time as counter 204 times out. The time out period for counter 204 is chosen to be of sufficient length to allow the controller 12 to begin the actual inspection process with the probe stylus contacting the workpiece. In general, a time period of several minutes is sufficient for this purpose. The time out period may be adjusted by way of potentiometer P20 defining the oscillation frequency for time delay oscillator 202. Higher frequency oscillations from oscillator 202 cause counter 204 to count faster and thus, time out in a shorter time, and vice versa. The generation of various time delays is, of course, well within the skill of the ordinary practitioner.

Carrier oscillator 220 and divider 222 cooperate to define the frequency at which LED's 50-54 transmit their IR radiation back to head 40. Conventionally, oscillator 220 uses a crystal 224 having a known resonant frequency as a master clock. Oscillator 220 operates to shape the oscillations from crystal 224 into a form suitable for providing clock pulses to a conventional digital divider such as divider 222. Divider 222 serves as a convenient means for shifting the frequency transmitted by LED's 50-54 when the probe stylus contacts an object. In this particular example, divider 222 operates to divide 1.8 MHz pulses from carrier oscillator 220 by the number 12 and thus provides at its output signal frequencies of about 150 KHz. The output of divider 222 is coupled to a driver transistor Q12 or other suitable circuitry for driving LED's 50-54 at the frequency defined by the divider output. Thus, in this example, when head 40 initiates the flash turn on sequence, probe 30 responds by starting the transmission of IR radiation at a given frequency. The probe transmission is detected by photodetector 170 in head 40 which, in turn, supplies an indication to controller 12 that the probe 30 is operating properly and is ready to initiate the probing sequence. If probe 30 does not respond in such manner suitable precautionary measures can be taken.

When the probe stylus 56 contacts an object, one of the three switches S1-S3 in switch unit 140 will open. The opening of one of the switches S1-S3 causes two things to happen. First, it resets time out counter 204 to the beginning of its time out sequence. Secondly, it creates a shift in the frequency transmitted by LED's 50-54. This may be accomplished in a variety of manner. However, in the preferred embodiment, the opening of one of the switches S1-S3 causes comparator 228 to go high. The output of comparator 228 is coupled to the reset input of counter 204 through OR gate 208 and thus, resets the counter. In addition, the output of comparator 228 is coupled to a frequency shift keying input of divider 222 over line 229 to cause it to divide the clock pulses from carrier oscillator 220 by a different number, here by the number 13. The output signals from divider 222 thereby changed in frequency to about 138 KHz. Thus, the frequency of the IR radiation transmitted by LED's 50-54 is shifted in comparison to the frequency transmitted when the probe was initially turned on. This shift of frequency is detected by photodetector 170 and transmitted to controller 12 to indicate stylus contact with an object, normally a workpiece surface. Controller 12, by knowing the position of stylus 56 when this signal is received, can accurately calculate the dimension of the workpiece or derive other useful information.

Controller 12 may move the probe 30 to contact other workpiece surfaces, each time the probe responding by a shift in IR radiation transmitted from the probe. The timeout period of timeout counter 204 is chosen so that it is longer than the time that would elapse between stylus contacts. When the probing operation is completed, controller 12 may go forward with other machining operations as may be desired. There is no need to generate any further signals to turn off the probe since energy from the batteries will be automatically disconnected once counter 204 times out. In such case, its output line 210 would go high ultimately resulting in the reverse biasing of the base -emitter junction of transistor Q10. This places transistor Q10 in a nonconducting state. In this manner the only drain on the batteries 80, 82 is the leakage current of the semiconductors and the photocurrent of photodetector 48. Typically, this current can be very small, often less than 300 microamps. Consequently, the more power demanding components are disconnected from the battery supply until actually needed for anticipated probe use. Preferably these components are made from CMOS semiconductor technology to even further conserve drain on the batteries when used.

By way of a nonlimited example, carrier oscillator 220 is formed by a crystal controlled transistor Component No. 2N2222, divider 222 is an LM4526 available from National Semiconductor, time delay oscillator 202 is formed from one half of an integrated circuit LM2903 available from National Semiconductor, and time out counter 204 is an LM4040 also available from National Semiconductor.

IV. TOUCH TURN ON

The touch turn on technique previously described in connection with FIG. 3 may be used as an alternative to the flash turn on technique described in section III. Both techniques have the same general objective, i.e. to conserve battery life. To a large extent the probe construction and circuitry for both techniques are similar. A schematic diagram of the probe circuitry for the touch turn on technique is shown in FIG. 12. This circuitry is like that of FIG. 11 and thus, common reference numerals will be used to reference common components.

A comparison of the two figures will reveal that the major difference is the deletion of photodetector 48 and associated inductor coil L10 in favor of resistor R50 and capacitor C50. This circuit also differs in that it includes a line 231 connected between the probe switches S1-S3 and node N1 coupled to the input of inverting amplifier 200. Transistor Q10 is kept in a nonconducting state until such time as one of the switches S1-S3 opens as a result of the stylus 56 contacting reference surface 60 (FIG. 3). This is because the switches S1-S3 keep the input to amplifier 200 at substantially ground level as long as they are closed; i.e. when the probe stylus is not contacting anything. However, when stylus 56 contacts the reference surface 60 one of the switches S1-S3 opens and causes capacitor C50 to begin charging. Preferably, the values of resistors R50 and R18 as well as capacitor C50 are chosen to provide an RC time constant that delays the time at which capacitor C50 is charged to a voltage sufficient to turn on transistor Q10 after being inverted by amplifier 200. This requires that the controller 12 hold the probe stylus 56 against the reference surface 60 for a definite period of time, for example, about a second. This procedure will insure that accidental bumps against the probe stylus or other extraneous factors such as electrical noise will not erroneously trigger activation of the probe.

Once capacitor C50 has been sufficiently charged the transistor Q10 will turn on and supply power from batteries 80, 82 to the probe transmission components. The counter 204 will be reset and supply its output signal over line 210 to latch the transistor Q10 in its conducting state. In this embodiment, the divider will initially generate the lower of the two output frequencies due to the tripping of comparator 228 while the probe stylus 56 is contacting the reference surface. The controller 12, however, can be suitably programmed to consider this initial probe signal as an indicator that the probe has properly turned on and is ready to proceed with inspecting the workpiece.

Controller 12, knowing that the probe 30' is operating properly, then moves on to the workpiece inspection procedure with the stylus 56 contacting various workpiece surfaces. Once the stylus 56 is moved away from the reference surface 60 the switches S1-S3 close causing divider 222 to drive the LED's 50-54 at the other frequency. As soon as the stylus contacts a workpiece surface, one of the switches S1-S3 opens again tripping comparator 228. This results in the resetting of counter 204. The tripping of comparator 228 also provides an output over line 229 to divider 222 to cause its output and therefore the outputs of LED's 50-54 to shift in frequency. This procedure continues until such time as the workpiece inspection procedure is finished, with the battery supply being automatically disconnected from the probe circuitry once timer 204 times out.

SUMMARY

From reading the foregoing specification, those skilled in the art will come to appreciate that it discloses several significant advances in the workpiece inspection art. Each of the embodiments have been described in connection with the best mode that is currently contemplated for carrying out their inventive techniques. No attempt, however, has been made to list all of the various alternatives or modifications to the general concepts thereof. Such modifications or improvements should become apparent to the skilled practitioner after a study of the drawings, specification and claims. For example, it should be apparent that the flash turn on or touch turn on techniques can be used with different types of probes other than the one specifically illustrated. Therefore, while this invention has been described in connection with a particular example thereof, its true scope should be measured in light of the following claims and equivalents thereto. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A probe for use in a turning center in place of a tool for performing inner diameter work on a workpiece, said probe comprising:a housing having a stylus projecting from one end thereof for contacting the workpiece, a generally conical middle housing portion having an outer surface converging toward said stylus and a rear wall extending transversly to the longitudinal axis of the probe, circuit means within the housing middle portion coupled to the stylus, at least one infrared radiation transmitting device on the outer surface and coupled to said circuit means, operative to transmit infrared signals associated with stylus contact with the workpiece; an elongated hollow cylindrical portion of reduced cross-sectional dimension with respect to the rear wall, and at least one battery within the cylindrical portion for providing power to said circuit means.
 2. The probe of claim 1 wherein said circuit means is adapted to generate a given frequency for driving said infrared device to indicate proper operational status of the probe, and to shift the frequency when the stylus contacts the workpiece.
 3. The probe of claim 1 which further comprises photodetector means mounted adjacent the infrared transmitting device, and means for coupling the photodetector means to the circuit means wherein power from the battery is selectively coupled to the circuit means upon detection of a given optical signal by the photodetector means.
 4. The probe of claim 1 which further includes an annular nosepiece threadedly mounted to one end of the housing middle portion, a switch unit having a projecting member inserted into the nosepiece and removably attached thereto, and a cable connecting the switch unit to the circuit means.
 5. The probe of claim 1 wherein a plurality of cylindrical batteries are slidably mounted within the cylindrical portion of the housing, one terminal of one battery being urged against a conductive area on a member closing off one end of the cylindrical portion, and means for connecting the conductive area to the circuit means.
 6. The probe of claim 5 wherein said member is a board mounted to the rear wall.
 7. Apparatus for detecting contact with another object, said apparatus comprising:a housing having stylus means projecting from one end thereof for contacting an object, said housing having a generally conically shaped middle portion having an outer surface converging toward said stylus, said middle portion having a given cross sectional dimension and including a surface extending generally perpendicular to the axis of the stylus; an elongated, hollow, generally cylindrical portion of reduced cross sectional dimension with respect to the middle portion and extending from an opposite end of the housing, said cylindrical portion being adapted to be mounted in a machine in the same manner as a tool; circuit means within the housing for generating signals associated with stylus contact with the object; battery means in said cylindrical portion for powering said circuit means; and optical transmission means on said converging outer surface of the housing middle portion, adapted to provide an optical signal to a remote receiver associated with stylus contact with the object.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said optical transmission means is operative to transmit infrared radiation.
 9. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said battery means comprises a plurality of cylindrical batteries which are connected together in series.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said cylindrical portion includes a removable cap at one end thereof to permit the batteries to be slid into the interior of said cylindrical portion.
 11. In a probe for detecting contact with a workpiece, said probe having a movable stylus at one end thereof and mounting means on an opposite end thereof for mounting the probe in a machine adapted to move the probe relative to the workpiece, with the probe further including circuit means therein for generating a signal when the stylus moves upon contact with the workpiece, the improvement wherein the mounting means comprises:an elongated member having exterior portions thereof conforming to a receptacle in the machine for mounting the probe thereto, the interior of said member including a coaxially extending hollow bore therein adapted to slidably receive a plurality of cylindrical batteries for providing power to the circuit means; and removable cap means on the end of said member adapted to permit said batteries to be inserted and removed from the interior of said member whereby said member serves the dual purpose of providing the mounting means for the probe and to house the batteries.
 12. The improvement of claim 11 wherein said cap means includes spring means adapted to urge the batteries together.
 13. The improvement of claim 11 wherein said exterior of said member conforms in dimension to the shanks of tools used to perform inner-diameter work on a workpiece in a turning center.
 14. The improvement of claim 11 wherein said improvement further comprises:a middle housing portion between the stylus and the mounting means, with the circuit means being contained in the middle housing portion; and optical transmission means located on said housing middle portion, said optical transmission means being coupled to the circuit means and adapted to provide an optical signal to a remote receiver associated with stylus contact with the workpiece.
 15. The improvement of claim 14 wherein said housing middle portion includes a sloping outer surface converging toward said stylus and wherein said optical transmission means are located on said sloping outer surface.
 16. The improvement of claim 15 wherein said optical transmission means is located in a segment of said housing middle portion, with said segment extending less than 180 degrees about the circumference of said housing middle portion.
 17. The improvement of claim 16 wherein said optical transmission means comprises at least one light emitting diode.
 18. The improvement of claim 17 wherein said optical transmission means is operative to transmit infrared radiation. 